-(으)ㄹ까 하다 = (I’m) thinking of doing: is used with an action verb and it indicates a speaker’s consideration or indecisiveness about a matter. The meaning of ‘-(으)ㄹ까 하다’ is similar to the pattern ‘-(으)려고 하다’, but ‘-(으)려고 하다’ expresses stronger intention of the speaker.
-아(어/여) 지다 = is getting or is becoming + Adj.: is combined with an adjective and and it indicates the situation which describes the preceding adjective gradually changing.
-더니 = since, and now: ‘-더-’ expresses an act of recollection and ‘-니’ a sense of explanation. The meaning varies depending upon the context of its usage:
1)The first clause describes the reason or the base of the second clause: the second clause describes a result of what has been taking place in the first clause. Usually, the subject is the third person and the subject of the first clause is same as the second one.
2) The first clause describes how it was previously: the second how it is now or changed since the time of the first clause.
3) -았(었/였)더니:
The first clause has already and actually taken place and it describes the cause of the second clause: the second clause describes a consequence of the first clause. Usually, the speaker is the subject of the sentence and the subject of the second clause is not the same as that of the first clause.
-(으)ㄹ 테니(까) = (one) will do…, so… = is a contracted form of ‘-ㄹ + 터 + -이- + -니까’. When ‘-(으)ㄹ 테니까’ is used with action verbs, it indicates the speaker’s planning or intention. If the speaker is the subject of the sentence, the speaker’s will may be implied.
BÀI 1 - 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson02/listen/grammar/index.html
-(으)ㄴ/는 편(이다) = a tendency to be a certain way: is used with verbs to show inclination or a tendency of aspects or qualities. Usually, ‘이다' or '-이 아니다’ is used in conjunction with ‘편'. '-(으)ㄴ 편이다 ’ is attached to adjectives in the present tense and '-는 편이다' is used with verbs.
-(이)든(지) -(이)든(지) = (regardless) whether…or, either…or: is used in paired phrases with contrastive meaning. It indicates alternative possibilities or an indirect question involving alternatives.
-지 않아요? / -지 않을까요? = Isn't it? Don't you think it is…?: is a pattern to make Negation, but if it is used as an interrogative, it can be used as a strong positive form like rhetorical questions. '-지 않아요?' usually expresses the speaker's opinion, but '-지 않을까요?' is used if a speaker wants to ask the listener's opinion.
BÀI 1 - 3: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson03/listen/grammar/index.html
-던 / -았(었/였)던: The pattern '-던' is a contracted form of '-더-' and 'ㄴ', the form to modify Nouns. If the speaker recollects past events or asks another person of his/her experience about an action or event in the past, '-던-' is used. '-았(었/였)던' expresses the experience completed once, whereas '-던' expresses repetitive experiences.
-(으)ㄹ 만큼: is used after verbs only and conveys the meaning of comparison of extent, a degree or a measurement.
-(이)랑: The particle '-(이)랑' connects a Noun with another Noun and it can be changed to '-와/과' or '-하고'.
-다면: indicates indirect discourse and the conditional. The pattern '-다면' is a contracted from '-다고 하면'.
-아(어/여) 있다: expresses the existence of a certain state or fact. As we already studied in Novice-Korean II, the pattern '-고 있다' on the other hand indicates a kind of process or continuing action.
-(으)ㄹ 만하다: indicates sufficient value or worth. It can be 'to be well worth (doing)' or 'It is enough (to do)'.
BÀI 1 - 4: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson04/listen/grammar/index.html
-(이)라서 = 'because, so': The connective '-(이)라서' is used for indicating reason or cause and is attached directly to nouns. The tense and negation are not expressed with this connective.
그리, 전혀, 별로, 여간, 이만 저만 + Negative: The adverbs '그리, 전혀, 별로' are always used with the negative '-지 않다'.
-(아/어/여) 놓다 = 'to do something in advance/preparation': indicates an action done in preparation or anticipation of later use or benefit is always used with verbs.
N + 정도(로): 'about, approximately, in degree'. The number classifier '정도' means degree, extent, grade etc. and it is used with the noun which is preceded by numbers.
-짜리: '(a thing) worth'. The particle '-짜리' is used always with the money classifier '-원' or counting classifier '-개' indicating worth or value of things. Also, it can be used with '-살' indicating people's age.
BÀI 1 - 5: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson05/listen/grammar/index.html
The connective '-(아/어/여)서' : 'do something and do something'. '-(아/어/여)서' is used when the subject does one action first, and then does the second action in sequence.
The contractions of Indirect Discourse: The forms of the indirect discourse, such as '-ㄴ/는다고 해요,-(으)라고 해요, -자고 해요' etc., can be contracted into '-ㄴ/는대요, -(으)래요, -재요' in casual speech style. In the same way, the forms of '-ㄴ/는다고 했어요,-(으)라고 했어요, -자고 했어요' can be contracted into '-ㄴ/는댔어요, -(으)랬어요, -쟀어요'.
The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 것으로 예상되다' :'- to be expected that it will be -'. In this pattern, the word '예상되다' means 'to be expected' in English, so this pattern is used for expressing the speaker's expectation of the events or action which will take place in the future.
The connective -(으)면서 : 'while doing ...'. This connective '-(으)면서' has the same function with the connective '-는 동안에'. However this ending is used for indicating two simultaneous events which are done by the same person, while '-는 동안에' is used for two simultaneous actions performed by two different persons.
The connective -(으)나 : but. You have already studied the connective '-지만' meaning 'but'. This connective '-(으)나' is interchangeable with this '-지만' without any difference in meaning. But in the casual and colloquial speech, '-지만' is preferred to '-(으)나'.
The ending '-기'. The ending '-기' is used for making Nominative forms of the verb, attaching to the verb stem directly. This form is followed by the words of '쉽다(to be easy), 어렵다(to be difficult), 바라다(to hope/ desire), 원하다(to want)' etc., and these mean that 'it is easy/difficult, (I) want/desire that---'. As for the form of '-기(가) 쉽다', it is used for expressing the tendency and/or ease for doing something. '-가' can be dropped optionally.
BÀI 1 - 6: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson06/listen/grammar/index.html
The pattern '-도록 하다'. '-도록' is attached to verbs and expresses the action which is taken to reach a certain point. In many cases, '-도록' is used with '하다' and it means to make a hearer do something. If it takes the 1st subject, it expresses the subject's will.
The pattern 'V (다) + -기 위해(서)' / 'N + -을(를) 위해(서)': '-기 위해서' is attached to verbs and '-을(를) 위해서' to nouns, both of which mean 'for' in English. The second action is carried out to complete the action of the first sentence. '위해' can be used because '-서' is often deleted, and '위하여' can be exchanged for '위해서'
The pattern '- (으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라': '- (으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라' joins two facts or events which relate to each other, in order to intensify or expand the first statement. It means '…not only… but also…' in English.
The pattern '-(이)라도': -ever it is, no matter - it is. The pattern '-이라도' is used for expressing the meaning of '-ever it is, no matter - it is' in English, when it is preceded by interrogative words (누구, 언제, 어디, 무엇, 무슨), or an interrogative phrases (어느 것/분, 무슨 일, 몇 분/시, 어떤 책) etc..
The Plain Speech Style 2: The basic explanation of the plain style is dealt with in the Novice Korean I, Lesson 6. In this lesson, you will meet the rest of the Plain speech style. These endings are used with people such as school juniors, or to a relatively younger person in the family by grandparents to grandsons and daughters etc..
1. Interrogative Forms: '-(으)냐/(느)냐'
2. Declarative forms: '-ㄴ다/-는다/-다'
3. Propositive forms: '-자'
4. Imperative forms: '-아(어/여)라'
The pattern '-거든요': is used as a sentence final ending which indicates reason or cause.
The connective '-(으)ㄹ수록': the more-, the more -. The connective '-(으)ㄹ수록' is used for indicating a progressive increase of intensity, amount or time.
The exclamatory ending -구나/군요 -> -더구나/더군요. The exclamatory ending '-구나/군요' is used for expressing delight, wonder, astonishment or surprise in the present tense. As for the past tense, however, the pre-ending '-더-' is used when a speaker recalls or recollects past facts, occurrences, or experiences and is used like '-더구나/더군요.' such as '-더니, -던 etc.'.
BÀI 1 - 8: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson08/listen/grammar/index.html
The connective '-다니': is used for expressing the reason or cause, and precedes expressions of surprise such as '웬일이에요/ 웬일이니?, 깜짝 놀랐어요.' etc,.
The pattern '-긴/기는 -지만/는데' = it is true… but…: is used for expressing the speaker's admission to a certain truth or occurrence. The verb that is attached to this pattern is repeated in the main clause. This pattern is used mostly with the connectives such as '-지만' or '-(으)ㄴ/는데' 'but' etc.
The pattern 'Interrogative + -(으)ㄹ지 모르겠다': is used for expressing that the speaker can't decide a certain action.
The sentence ending '-잖아(요)': is used for expressing a tag question for confirming the fact of a sentence. This is the contracted form of '-지 않아(요)'.
BÀI 1 - 9: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson09/listen/grammar/index.html
-(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 = maybe, it may be that -: is used for expressing a speaker's uncertainty or doubt about a certain fact or event with the verbs.
-(으)ㄹ까 봐 = I am afraid that---, so ----: is used for expressing a speaker's anxiety, worry or solicitude.
-는 동안(에) = while doing something: This connective '-는 동안에' is used for expressing two simultaneous actions performed by different subject. '-에' is optional.
BÀI 1 - 10: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson10/listen/grammar/index.html
'-다면서' = I heard (that) ……, is that so ?: is used with verbs and adjectives, and is used to confirm a certain fact or event which is generally known by the public.
The pattern '-는 바람에' = because, so: is used with verbs and other forms of indirect discourse. It indicates a stimulus to action, or something that incites or determines an outcome.
대과거 -았(었/였)-: Tenses in Korean are determined from the speaker's point of view. Sometimes tenses communicate certain aspects of the verb actions/ states rather than the time reference of the verb.
'-았(었/였)-': is used to convey a distant past event, which does not affect the present state any more; or it conveys a past experience of the subject.
BÀI 2 - 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson01/index.html
BÀI 2 - 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson02/index.html
BÀI 2 - 3: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson03/index.html
BÀI 2 - 4: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson04/index.html
BÀI 2 - 5: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson05/index.html
BÀI 2 - 6: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson06/index.html
BÀI 2 - 7: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson07/index.html
BÀI 2 - 8: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson08/index.html
BÀI 2 - 9: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson09/index.html
BÀI 2 - 10: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson10/index.html
BÀI 3 - 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson01/index.html
BÀI 3 - 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson02/index.html
BÀI 3 - 3: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson03/index.html
BÀI 3 - 4: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson04/index.html
BÀI 3 - 5: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson05/index.html
BÀI 3 - 6: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson06/index.html
BÀI 3 - 7: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson07/index.html
BÀI 3 - 8: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson08/index.html
BÀI 3 - 9: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson09/index.html
BÀI 3 - 10: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson10/index.html
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