Ngữ pháp sơ cấp giáo trình Sogang - Phần 1

SƠ CẤP 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/contents.html

BÀI 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson01/index.html

1.Verb '이다' = to be:
'이다' is the form which links a subject with its predicate, indicating equality or identification.
If this form is attached to the noun, there can be no pause or space between it and the Noun. It is pronounced like a part of the Noun.
It has two different forms '-예요' and '-이에요'. '-예요 is used when the Noun ends with a vowel, and '-이에요' is used when the Noun ends with a consonant.

안나 + -예요 --> 안나예요.
책상 + -이에요 --> 책상이에요.

2.'예'= yes:
'예', which means 'yes', is often pronounced `네'. It is used as a regular response to a knock at the door, or hearing your name called, and being greeted. The opposite of `예' is `아니오'. This means 'no' is used in negative replies to questions, in contradictions and denials, and as an informal reply to apologies, expressions of thanks, and compliments.

3.The subjective marker '-이/가':
The subjective marker `-이/가' is used to indicate that the preceding noun phrase is the subject of the sentence. ‘-가’ is used after a word which ends with a vowel, while `-이’ is used after a consonant. Here are some examples:

가방이 있어요.
모자가 있어요.

4.The topic marker '-은/는':
While the subjective marker `-이/가' indicates the subject of a sentence, the topic marker `은/는' is used to indicate the comparison of topics. If there is no connotation of comparison with another subject, this marker cannot be used. '-는' is used after words ending in a vowel, `-은' is used after words ending in a consonant.
Here are some examples:
이것이 연필이에요. This is a pencil.
이것은 연필이에요. This (in comparison with other things) is a pencil.
한국말이 재미있어요. Korean is interesting.
한국말은 재미있어요. Korean(in comparison with other languages) is interesting.

5.Demonstrative '이,그,저' + NOUN = this/these ,it/their, that/those:
6.Verb '아니다' = not to be:
This word is used for making negatives. You have already studied '이다` which indicates equality or identification. The '이다' is attached directly to a noun, and is pronounced as one word with the noun. When you make the negative construction of '이다', the subject marker '-이/가' is attached directly to the noun, and then followed by the negative verb '아니다'.

이것이 의자예요.<--->이것이 의자가 아니예요.
제가 호주사람이에요.<--->제가 호주사람이 아니예요.

7.Verb ' 있다/없다' = to be/not to be: indicates existence, location or possession. The opposite verb is `없다'.
 
(Possesion)

동생 있어요?네, 동생이 있어요.  Do you have a younger brother?Yes, I have a younger brother.
아니오, 동생이 없어요. 그런데 언니는 있어요. No, I don't have a younger brother.  But I have an older sister.
 
(Location)

교실에 책상이 있어요?네, 책상이 있어요. Is there a desk in the classroom?Yes, there is a desk (in the classroom)

아니오, 책상이 없어요. 의자는 있어요. No, there is not a desk (in the classroom).

8.The marker '-에'= at / in:
This locative marker indicates that someone or something is stationary in a place. It is attached to nouns, and followed by '있다'(to be) and '없다'(not to be).

교실에 학생이 있어요. There is a student in the classroom.
교실에 선생님은 없어요. There is not a teacher in the classroom.


BÀI 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson02/index.html
1.The marker '-에'
2.The sentence ending '-아(어/여)요'
3.Making questions. '-아(어/여)요?'
4.The marker '도'
5.'옆/ 앞 / 뒤 / 위 / 아래 + 에'

BÀI 3: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson03/index.html
1.Adverb '안'
2.Adverb '못'
3.The marker '-에서'
4.The objective marker '-을/를'
5.The pre-ending '-았/었/였-'

BÀI 4: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson04/index.html
1.The pattern '-고 싶다'
2.'-세요'
3.The marker '-에'
4.Counting unit
5.Irregular verbs '으'

BÀI 5: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson05/index.html
1.The pattern '-아(어/여) 보다': 'someone tries doing something ( to see how it will turn out) or 'someone does something to see (how it will turn out)
2.The pattern '-아/어/여 보이다': someone(or something) looks (appears, seems...)
3.The marker '-보다': more than
4.'제일/가장': the most

BÀI 6: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson06/index.html
1.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 거예요'
2.The Marker '-까지'
3.The Marker '-부터'
4.The Marker '-에서'
5.The plain speech style
6.Irregular verbs '-ㄷ'
7.irregular verbs '-ㅂ'

BÀI 7: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson07/index.html
1.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ까요?'
2.The Propositive '-(으)ㅂ시다'
3.The Connective '-(으)러'
4.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ게요'

BÀI 8: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson08/index.html
1.The pattern '-고 싶어하다'
2.The pattern '-ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다'
3.The pattern '아/어/여 주다(드리다)'
4.'-르' irregular verbs

BÀI 9: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson09/index.html
1.The ending '-ㅂ/습니다'
2.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다'
3.The connective '-(으)면'
4.The pattern '-지 말다'
5.The connective '-(아/어/여)서'
6.Honorific system
7.'-ㄹ' irregular verbs

BÀI 10: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson10/index.html

1.The pattern '-(으)려고 하다' = intend to: is used with verbs(including `있다'). This pattern is used to indicate a subject's intention. However, this pattern is restricted to first and second personal pronouns. The third personal pronoun will be dealt with in detail later.
 
`려고 하다' is used if the verb stem ends in a vowel.
`-으려고 하다' is used if the verb stem ends in a consonant.
 
저는 내일 극장에 가려고 해요. I intend to go to the theater
1달쯤 서울에 있으려고 해요. I intend to be in Seoul for about 1 month.    
1시부터 공부하려고 해요. I intend to study from 1 o'clock.    
불고기를 먹으려고 해요. I intend to eat bulgogi.

The negation is expressed in the main verb which has `-(으)려고 하다', not with the `하다' verb.

그 책을 안 사려고 해요. I don't intend to buy that book.  
(= 그 책을 사지 않으려고 해요.)  

However tense is expressed in the main verb. It will be dealt with in detail later.

2.The marker '-한테': is used for indicating the receiver of an action or the one whom something is done or exists.

누구한테 책을 주었어요? To whom did you give a book?
제 친구한테 주었습니다. I gave it to my friend.
누구한테 편지를 쓰세요? To whom did you write a letter?
안나씨 열쇠는 멜라니씨한테 있어요. Mellanie has Anna's key.
선생님한테 물어 보세요. Please ask the teacher.

3.The marker '-한테서': is used for indicating the source or starting point of an action.

누구한테서 그 소식을 들었어요 ? From whom did you hear that news ?
어머니한테서 들었습니다. I heard from my mother.
누구한테서 편지가 왔어요? From whom did you get a letter ?
누구한테서 그 선물을 받았어요? From whom did you receive that present?

4.Pre-ending '겠': is used for expressing the speaker's conjecture or supposition or for asking intention of the person spoken to in a polite request.

요즘 많이 바쁘겠어요. I think you will be busy these days.
저 분은 예뻤겠어요. I think he/she was beautiful.
뭘 드시겠어요 ? What will you eat?

5.The pattern '-(으)ㄴ 다음에': On it's own, the noun '다음' means 'later'. The pattern '-(으)ㄴ 다음에' is used to express 'after something happens' or 'after something happened'. It is used only with verbs.

Tense and negation is expressed in the main verb.

수업이 끝난 다음에 만납시다. Let's meet after class finishes.
친구를 만난 다음에 그 일을 하겠어요. I will do that task(job) after meeting my friend.
전화를 한 다음에 오세요. Please come over after you call.
저녁식사를 한 다음에 뭘 할까요? After we finish supper, what shall we do?
However, if the subject of the two clauses (the main clause and the dependent clause which is introduced with this pattern) is the same, this pattern cannot be used with the verbs '가다' (to go) / '오다 '(to come) and their compounds.

내가 집에 간 다음에 공부합니다. (awkward/never used)
내가 학교에 온 다음에 친구를 만납니다. (awkward/never used)


6.'-ㄷ' Irregular verbs: The final consonant '-드' of the verb stem changes into '-ㄹ' when followed by a vowel, but it does not change when followed by a consonant.

듣다 (to listen): 듣 + 어요 -> 들어요.
묻다 (to ask): 묻 + 어 보다 -> 물어 보다.
걷다 (to walk): 걷 + 었어요 -> 걸었어요.

저는 지금 음악을 들어요. I listen to the music now.
잘 모르면 저한테 물어 보세요. If you really don't know, ask me.
어제는 많이 걸었어요. I walked a lot yesterday.
저한테 묻지 마세요. Don't ask me.

However '닫다' to close, '받다' to receive and '믿다' to believe are not irregular verbs.

문을 닫아 주세요. Please close the door.
어제 친구한테서 편지를 받았어요. I received a letter from my friend.