Ngữ pháp sơ cấp giáo trình Sogang - Phần 2

SƠ CẤP 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/contents.html

BÀI 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson01/index.html

1.The pattern '-기 전에': before doing:
The word ‘전’ is a noun meaning “time before” or “place in front” and ‘-에’ is a marker meaning “at, in, on”. So the pattern ‘-기 전에’ is used to express of ‘before something happens’. This pattern is always used with verbs, and the subjects of the two clauses can be either the same or different.
오시기 전에 전화하세요. Please give me a call, before you come.
잊기 전에 메모하세요. Please write a memo before you forget.
집에 가기 전에 제 사무실에 들르세요. Before you go home, please drop by my office.
일하기 전에 식사를 하세요. Please eat before you start working.
앤디씨가 오기 전에 영희씨는 집에 가세요. Younghee, you should go home before Andy comes.

2.The connective '-고' = and:
This connective ‘-고’ is used to link two clauses in coordination. When the subjects of the two clauses are the same, the two clauses means sequential process. So, in this case, the connective ‘-고’ means ‘ doing A first, and then doing B later’. But when the subjects of the two clauses are different, these two clauses express comparison, and are used with the topic marker ‘-은/는’.

숙제를 하고 가겠어요. I’ll do my homework first and then go.
친구를 만나고 집에 갈 거에요. I’ll meet my friend and then go home.
저는 공부하고 친구는 TV를 봐요. I’m studying and my friend is sleeping.
저는 크고 그분은 작아요. I am tall and he is short.
한국말은 재미있고 영어는 어려워요. Korean is interesting and English is difficult.
이분은 엄마고 저분은 아빠예요. This is my mom, and that is my dad.

BÀI 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson02/index.html

1.The pattern `-(으)ㄴ 적(이) 있다/없다' =  "someone has (never) done something": is used to indicate one's past experiences. The literal meaning of this pattern is 'the experience of having done something' exists ( or don't exist ).

한국음식을 먹어 본 적이 있으세요 ? Have you ever eaten Korean food ?
 - 네, 먹어 본 적이 있어요 . Yes, I have eaten Korean food.
 - 아니오, 먹어 본 적이 없어요. No, I have never eaten Korean food.
저는 한국에 가 본 적이 없었어요. I have never been to Korea.

2.The connective '-ㄴ(은/는)데' =  and/but/so/when:
*This connective is used to introduce a certain fact,occurrence, or event:

그것을 사고 싶어요. 그런데지금은 돈이 없어요. I want to buy it. But I have no money now.
→ 그것을 사고 싶은데, 지금은 돈이 없어요. I want to buy it, but I have no money now.
 저는 미국인 친구가 있는데, 그 친구는 한국말을 아주 잘해요. I have a American friend, and he speaks Korean very well.
제가 지금은 시간이 없는데, 내일 다시 오시겠어요 ? I have no time now, so can you come again tomorrow ?

* The past tense and future tense can be used with combine with this ending like '-았/었(었)는데`, '-겠는데`:
불고기를 먹었는데, 맛있었어요. I ate Bulgogi yesterday, it was delicious.
친구를 만나야겠는데, 어디가 좋을까요? I have to meet my friend, but where is good place to go?

* The form `-ㄴ(은)데' is used for the adjectives and '-이다` in the present tense:
제 친구는 미국사람이에요. 그런데 한국말을 공부해요. A friend of mine is American. But he studies Korean.
→ 제 친구는 미국사람인데, 한국말을 공부해요. A friend of mine is American, but he studies Korean.
저는 한국사람인데, 그 사람은 미국사람이에요. I am Korean, but he is American.
이 가방은 작은데, 저 가방은 커요. This bag is small, but that bag is big.
저는 큰데 저 사람은 작아요. I'm tall, but he is short.

* The form '-는데` is used for all other cases:
Sometimes this ending can be used as sentence ending with "-요" like '-는데요'. [if you don't want to repeat the same sentences which are used before in the question etc..]

어떻게 오셨어요 ? May I help you ?
김영수씨를 만나러 왔는데요. I came here to see Kim Youngsoo.
(김영수씨) 있어요 ? Is he in now ?

BÀI 3:http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson03/index.html

1.The pattern `-(아/어/여)야 되다/하다' = must, have to:
*This pattern is used to express obligation or necessity:
꼭 와야 됩니다/합니다. You have to come.
지금은 공부를 해야 됩니다/합니다. I have to study now.
지금 가야 됩니까?합니까? Do I have to go now?

*Tense is expressed in the verb '하다':
집에 가야 했습니다. I had to go home.

*However, negation is formed a different way, using the pattern:
'-지 말아야 하다.' It will be dealt with in detail later.

2.The pattern '-기로 하다' = decide to do:
* The pattern '-기로 하다' is used to indicate one's decision, making a choice between alternatives, or arriving at a solution to an uncertainty or dispute. So, this pattern is usually used in the past tense.

담배를 끊기로 했어요.I decided to quit smoking.
술을 마시지 않기로 했어요.I decided not to drink.
이번 주말에 여행을 가기로 했어요.I decided to go on a trip to Pusan.

* In this form, the verb `-하다' can be replaced by the verb `약속하다, 결정하다, 결심하다, 작정하다' etc. See the following examples:
담배를 끊기로 결정했어요.I decided to quit smoking.
담배를 끊기로 약속했어요.I promised to quit smoking.
담배를 끊기로 결심했어요.I made up my mind to quit smoking.

* There are two different ways of expressing the negative. In the first, when the pattern is preceded by a negative '-지 않기로 하다', it means 'to decide not to do'. In the second, when the negative is expressed in the verb '-기로 하다` itself, like '-기로 하지 않다', it means 'do not decide to do'.

먹지 않기로 했어요.I decided not to eat.
먹기로 하지 않았어요.I haven't decided to eat.

3.The connective '-니까' = because, since: We have already studied `-아(어/여)서', which indicates reason and cause. Now you will study another connective `-(으)니까' which has the same meaning. However, if the main clause is an imperative or propositive, only the connective '-니까' can be used in the dependent clause. In this case, '-아(어/여)서' cannot be used.

비가 오니까 택시를 타세요. Because it is raining, take a taxi.
피곤하니까 좀 쉽시다. Because we are tired, let's take a rest.
시간이 없으니까, 빨리 갑시다. Because we don't have time, let's go quickly.

더우니까 에어콘을 켜세요. (grammatical)
더워서 에어콘을 켜세요. (ungrammatical)
더우니까 에어콘을 켭시다. (grammatical)
더워서 에어콘을 켭시다. (ungrammatical)

4.The connective '-지만' = but: is used to join two sentences which are in contrast with each other.
바쁘지만 도와드리겠어요. I'm busy, but I will help you.
열심히 공부했지만, 아직 잘 모르겠어요. I studied hard, but I don't understand it well yet.
가고 싶었어요. 그러나 가지 않았어요. I wanted to go. But I didn't.
→ 가고 싶었지만, 가지 않았어요. I wanted to go, but I didn't.

BÀI 4: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson04/index.html

1.The pattern ‘-도 되다/괜찮다/좋다’: (someone) may do (something):
* On its own, the particle `-도' is used to express 'even if, even though'. See the following example first.
제가 내일 바빠도, 파티에 꼭 갈게요. Even though I am busy tomorrow, I will go to the party.
한국말이 재미없어도 공부하겠어요. Even though Korean is not interesting, I will study it.

* However, if this pattern is used with the word '좋다, 괜찮다, 되다`, this pattern is used to ask for and giving permission. Here are some examples:

문을 열어도 괜찮아요? May I open the door ?
들어가도 괜찮아요/돼요/좋아요? May I go in ?
- 네, 들어와도 괜찮아요/돼요/좋아요.  You may go in.
여기에서 담배 피워도 괜찮아요/돼요/좋아요? May I smoke here?
- 네, 피워도 괜찮아요/돼요/좋아요. - You may smoke here.

* For the negative answer to a request for permission, you have to use the pattern '-(으)면 안 되다.' '-으면 안 되다' is used after verb stems ending in a consonant except 'ㄷ', -면 안 되다' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel : an consonant 'ㄷ'.

들어가도 괜찮아요? May I go in ?
- 아니오, 들어오면 안 돼요. - You must not go in. (You shouldn't go in.)
- 네, 들어와도 괜찮아요/돼요/좋아요. - You may go in.

떠들면 안 돼요. You must not make noise.(You shouldn't make noise.)
지각하면 안 돼요. Don't be late.(You shouldn't be late.)

2.The pattern `-(으)ㄹ 때' =  when/while:
* The pattern `-(으)ㄹ 때' is used to express the time when something takes place or exists. When the two actions happen at the same time, past tense is not expressed with this pattern. But if the action of the `-ㄹ 때' clause happened before the action of the next clause, past tense should be expressed in the `-ㄹ 때' clause. This pattern is used with all verbs and adjectives but `이다' can be used only in the past tense, not in the present tense. '-을때' is used after verb stems ending in a consonant, '-ㄹ때' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel.

그분이 떠날 때, 같이 갑시다. When he leaves, let's go together.
날씨가 좋을 때, 여행을 가겠습니다. When the weather is good, I will take a trip.
제가 한국에 갔을 때, 날씨가 아주 추웠어요. When I went to Korea, it was very cold.
제가 학교에 갔을 때, 김선생님은 안 계셨어요. When I went to school, Mr. Kim was not there.
내가 중학생이었을 때, 그곳에 갔어요. When I was a middle school student,
I went there.

* This pattern can be followed by any of the particles such as `-이/가, -을/를, -에, -도, -마다, -까지, -부터, etc..:

학교에 갈 때가 되었어요. It's time to go to school. (The time that we go to school came)
한국에 올 때마다 한국 음식을 먹어요. Whenever I come to Korea, I eat Korean food.
이 일은 시작할 때부터 끝날 때까지 기분이 좋았어요. From the time that I began this work, to the time that I finished, I felt good.

3.The connective `-기 때문에': so, therefore, because:
* The connective `-기 때문에' is used to express cause and reason. When this connective is used, it most conveniently corresponds to 'so' in English.

시간이 없기 때문에 그곳에 갈 수 없었어요.I had no time, so I couldn't go there.
지금 너무 피곤하기 때문에 집에서 쉬고 싶어요.I am too tired now, I want to take a rest at home.

* Contrary to the connective `-어서' which is used to express cause and reason only in the present form, this connective is used with all tenses.

비가 오기 때문에 안 가고 싶어요.Because it's raining, I don't want to go.
비가 왔기 때문에 안 가고 싶어요.Because it rained, I don't want to go.
비가 오려고 하기 때문에 안 가고 싶어요.Because it will rain, I don't want to go.

* Sometimes it can be used with the sentence ending `-요' directly to finish a sentence.
왜 등산을 안 갔어요 ? Why didn't you go climbing ?
- 비가 오기 때문에요. Because it's raining.

* While this connective is used with verbs and adjectives, the form `- 때문에' (without the `-기') is used with nouns and has the same meaning.

비 때문에 안 가고 싶어요.Because of the rain, I don't want to go.
무엇 때문에 오셨어요 ?What makes you come here ?(Because of what, did you come here ?)

BÀI 5: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson05/index.html

1.The Pattern ‘-았(었/였)으면 좋겠다' = I wish something would happen: is used to express the speaker's hope or desire. Even though the past tense -았/었/였- is used, this pattern does not refer to the past. So, even when this pattern is used without the past tense like ‘-(으)면 좋겠다', there is no difference in meaning.

한국에 갔으면 좋겠어요. If I could go to Korea, it would be good.
= I wish I could go to Korea.
한국에 가면 좋겠어요. If I could go to Korea, it would be good.
= I wish I could go to Korea.
한국어를 잘 했으면 좋겠어요. If I could speak Korean well it would be good.
= I wish I could speak Korean well.
한국어를 잘 하면 좋겠어요. If I could speak Korean well it would be good.
= I wish I could speak Korean well.
집에서 쉬었으면 좋겠어요. If I could take a rest at home, it would be good.
= I wish I could take a rest at home.

2.The Pattern ‘-고 있다' = (someone) is doing (something):  is used to indicate a kind of process or continuing action.

뭘 하고 있어요 ? What are you doing now ?
- 한국어 공부를 하고 있어요. - I'm studying Korean.
- 친구를 기다리고 있어요. - I'm waiting for my friends.

* Tense and negation are expressed in the verb ‘있다':

친구를 기다리고 있었어요. I was waiting for my friends.
친구를 기다리고 있을 거예요. I will be waiting for my friends.

* There are two ways to express negation:

친구를 기다리고 있어요? Are you waiting your for friends?
- 아니오, 친구를 안 기다리고 있어요. - No, I'm not waiting for my friends.
- 아니오, 친구를 기다리고 있지 않아요. - No, I'm not waiting for my friends.

* Sometimes, this pattern is used with the honorific '계시다' to address or refer to persons of superior social standing, like older people, teachers, etc.

누구를 기다리고 계세요? Who are you waiting for?
아버지는 주무시고 계세요. My father is sleeping.
무엇을 하고 계셨어요? What were you doing?
무엇을 하고 계실 거예요? What are you going to do?

* However, this pattern can have two different meanings when used with verbs dealing with items of clothing : 입다, 쓰다, 신다. ect.
그 사람은 모자를 쓰고 있어요. He is putting on a hat. Or, he has a hat on.

* This pattern is often used to express an action which started in the past and is still going on.
이 회사에서 십 년 동안 일하고 있어요. I've been working at this company for the past ten years.

3.The Pattern -지 않다 =  not, no:
There are two ways in Korean to form negation. As you have studied in Lesson 3 of Novice Korean I, the easiest way is to just put the adverb ‘안' in front of verbs or adjectives.

학교에 가세요 ? Are you going to school?
- 아니오, 학교에 안 가요. 도서관에 가요. No, I'm not going to school. I'm going to the library.

The second way to use the pattern ‘-지 않다'. This pattern directly followes by verbs or adjectives. So, negation formed by ‘안' is called ‘short type negation', and the Negation by ‘-지 않다' is ‘long type negation'.

학교에 가요 ? Are you going to school?
- 아니오, 학교에 가지 않아요. (학교에 안 가요.) No, I'm not going to school.
한국어가 어려워요? Is Korean difficult?
- 아니오, 어렵지 않아요. No, it's not difficult.
- 어제 학교에 가지 않았어요. I didn't go to school yesterday.
- 내일 학교에 가지 않을 거예요. I'm not going to go to school tomorrow.

4.The Words '씩': each/respectively: is used to indicate distribution and is attached to numbers and any counting classifier.
사과를 하나씩 먹어요. We eat apples one by one.
매일 두 시간씩 공부해요. I study two hours every day.
이 사과를 한 개씩 주세요. Give one apple each.


BÀI 6: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson06/index.html

1.The connetive '-다가' = On the way to / And then: is attached to the Verb directly, and is used to express change or shift of action.

1.1 Verb + -다가 (Present Tense)
This ending indicates the change of one's action on one's way, that is, interruption or discontinuation of an action.

학교에 오다가 친구를 만났어요. I met my friend when I was going to school.
극장에 가다가 (다시) 왔어요. I came back again when I was going to the theater.
공부하다가 잤어요. As I was studying, I fell asleep.
교실에 들어오다가 넘어졌어요. As I was coming into the class, I fell down.

1.2 Verb + -었다가 (Past Tense)
This ending indicates the reversal or unexpected consequence after the completion of the first action. In this case, usually, `가다, 오다' are used with some other verb.

극장에 갔다가 송선생님을 만났어요. I went to the theater and met Mr. Song.
학교에 갔다가 오세요. Go to school and then come back.
그분이 어제 집에 왔다가 갔어요. He came home and left.
불을 껐다가 켜세요. Turn on the light and turn it off.
그분이 왔다(가) 갔다(가) 해요. He keeps coming and going.
불을 껐다(가) 켰다(가) 하지 마세요. Don't keep turning it on and off.

2.The connetive -느라고 = Because of doing something: is used to express cause and reason, or to give an excuse for or explanation of one's action. The subject of the two clauses must be the same. The verb in the first clause must be an action verb.

2.1 Subject + (1)Verb Stem + 느라고, 못/안 + (2)Verb stem
This connective is used to indicate that a subject has given priority to the action in the first clause, has made a choice of it. The 느라고 in the first clause (verb+느라고) is used when a person faces two different things or events which must be carried out at the same time.
A person cannot/could not do (2) because he is/was doing (1)
-> If a person did not do/had not done (1), that person would(could) do/would(could) have done (2)

요즘 저는 아침에 라디오를 듣느라고, 산책을 하지 않아요.
I do not go for a walk in the morning these days because I listen to the radio.
-> If I did not listen to the radio, I would take a walk.

어젯밤에 숙제 하느라고, 파티에 못 갔어요.
I could not go to the party because I was doing homework.
-> If I had not been doing homework, I could have gone to the party.

2.2 Subject + (1)verb stem + 느라고, (2)verb
Sometimes there is not actually a choice involved, just the force of circumstances. In this case predicates used in the second clause are usually limited to -늦다/늦게 ---하다. 바쁘다, 힘들다, 잊어버리다, 정신이 없다, 피곤하다.
If a person did not do/had not done (1), the action or situation presented in the second clause could be/could have been different.

이번 주는 운전연습을 하느라고 바빠요.
I am busy this week because I practice driving.
-> If I did not practice driving this week, I may not be busy.

어젯 밤에 일하느라고 늦게 잤어요.
Yesterday I went to bed late because I worked at night.
-> If I had not worked at night, I might have gone to sleep earlier.

3.The ending -(는)군요 = Exclamatory sentence ending: is used to express surprise, delight, or wonder with an exclamation mark. While adjectives and ‘-이다' take the ‘-군요!' form, other verbs take the ‘-는군요!' form. However in past tense, verbs also take the ‘-군요' form.

정말 어렵군요 ! It's really difficult !
이젠 가을이군요 ! Now, it's a fall !
그분이 한국사람이었군요 ! He was Korean !

그분이 떠나는군요 ! He is leaving !
할머니께서 주무시는군요 ! My grandmother is sleeping !

벌써 떠났군요 ! (He/She) Already leaving !
많이 변했군요 ! It's changed a lot !

BÀI 7: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson07/index.html

1. The Pattern '-(으)ㄴ/는/ -(으)ㄹ 것 같다' = It seems that ...:  is used to indicate a speaker's presumption or conjecture.

1.1 The pattern '-(으)ㄴ 것 같다' is used in the present tense with adjectives or '이다' to express the speaker's thought or opinion. However the pattern -(으) ㄹ 것 같다 is used in the future tense to indicate the speaker's stronger conjecture or presumption.

비싼 것 같아요. It seems to be expensive.
그분이 미국사람인 것 같아요. He seems to be an American.

The difference between the above two examples is as follows:
The sentence "비싼 것 같아요." is used when the speaker knows the price, or is seeing the price first hand and is conparing with his/her expectation.
However the sentence "비쌀 것 같아요" is used when the speaker is guessing the price without prior knowledge of the price.

비쌀 것 같아요. I think it will be expensive.
그분이 미국사람일 것 같아요. I think he will be an American.

1.2 With general verbs, the pattern '-는 것 같다' is used in the present tense, '(으)ㄴin the past tense, and (으)ㄹ in the future tense.

비가 오는 것 같아요. It seems that it is raining.
비가 올 것 같아요. It seems that it will rain.
비가 온 것 같아요. It seems that it rained.

1.3 Negation is expressed either in the final verb '같다' or in the main verb preceding this pattern. There is slight difference in meaning between the two.

안 비싼 것 같았어요. ( '안' negation) It seems that it is not expensive.
비싸지 않은 것 같았어요. It seemed that it was not expensive.
비싼 것 같지 않았어요. ('-지 않다' negation) It doesn't seem to be expensive.

1.4 Tense is expressed in the final verb '같다'.

비가 오는 것 같아요/같았어요. It seems that it is raining./ It seemed that -
비가 온 것 같아요/같았어요. It seems that it was raining. / It seemed that -
비가 올 것 같아요/같았어요. It seems that it will rain./ It seemed that -

2. The pattern 'Verb + -(으)ㄴ 지 + time word + 되다' = since:  is used to express an interval of time which extends from a definite past to the present. The case marker '-가` or '-는' can be attached optionally after ‘지'

한국에 온 지(가) 얼마나 되었어요? How long have you been in Korea ?
한국에 온 지(는) 3년 되었어요. It's been three years since I came to Korea.
그분은 만난 지(가) 10년쯤 되었어요. It's been around ten years since I met him.

-은 지 is used after verb stems ending in a consonant.
-ㄴ 지 is used after verb stems ending in a vowel.

BÀI 8: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson08/index.html

1. The connective -(으)려고 =  in order to:
You have already studied the connective '-(으)러' which is used to express the purpose of the speaker's action. This connective ’-(으)려고’ is also used to indicate the purpose of the speaker (subject)'s action. So, these two connectives are interchangeable. While the connective '-(으)러' is always followed by either '가다’, '오다’ or their compounds such as '들어가다/들어오다', '나가다/나오다' etc., the connective '-(으)려고' can be followed by any verbs. The connective '-(으)려고' is used in the present and past tense of the main verb (final verb), but is never used with the future tense. Tense and negation are expressed in the main verb (final verb).

안나씨 주려고 이 모자를 샀어요. I bought this hat to give to you.
왜 일찍 일어났어요 ? Why did you wake up early?
- 출장을 가려고 일찍 일어났어요. - I woke up early to go on a business trip because I have to go on a business trip.
선물을 사려고 백화점에 갔어요.
→ 선물을 사러 백화점에 갔어요. I went to the department store in order to buy some gifts.

한국사람과 이야기하려고 한국어를 공부했어요. I studied Korean in order to talk with Korean people.
→ 한국사람과 이야기하러 한국어를 공부했어요. (Ungrammatical)
친구한테 선물하려고 가방을 사요. I buy the bag to give it as a present to my friend.
친구한테 선물하려고 가방을 샀어요. I bought the bag to give it as a present to my friend.
친구한테 선물하려고 가방을 사지 않았어. I didn’t buy the bag to give it as a present to my friend.
친구한테 선물하지 않으려고 가방을 샀어요.(Ungrammatical)
친구한테 선물하려고 가방을 살 거예요. I'll buy the bag to give it as a present to my friend. (Awkward).

2. Relative clause ending:
2.1.Relative clause ending -는=Present Tense :
This ending `-는' is attached to the verb directly and is used in the present tense. Its function is the same as the English relative clause construction.

(어떤 사람이) 저기 앉아서 담배를 피워요. 그분이 최선생님입니다.
저기 앉아서 담배를 피우는 분이 최선생님입니다.

한국어를 가르치는 일이 쉽지 않아요. Teaching Korean is not easy.
요리를 하시는 분이 어머니십니다. That’s my mother who is cooking.
저기에서 아이스크림을 먹는 사람이 마이클씨예요. That’s Michael who is eating ice cream over there.
저기서 신문을 보는 사람이 제 친구에요. That’s my friend who is reading the newspaper.
저기 걸어가는 사람이 누구에요 ? Do you know the man who is walking over there?

2.2.Relative clause ending -(으)ㄴ= Past Tense:
* This ending `-(으)ㄴ' is attached to the verb directly and is used in the past tense. Its function is the same as the English relative clause 'which (past tense verb)’.
'-ㄴ' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel and ‘-(으)ㄴ’ is used after verb stems ending in a consonant.

어제 안 온 사람이 누구에요 ? Do you know who did not come yesterday?
이 책을 준 분이 제 형님입니다. The person who gave me this book is my older brother.
편지를 보낸 분이 누구인지 아세요 ? Do you know the man who sent this letter?
미국에서 온 친구가 내일 만나자고 했어요. He asked to meet my friend who came from America.
어제 먹은 한국 음식이 어땠어요 ? How was the Korean food which you ate yesterday?

*  In addition, this ending can be attached directly to of adjectives in present tense sentences. The forms that you have already studied such as '예쁜, 좋은, 아름다운, 바쁜, 아픈 etc.' are the present inflected forms of the adjectives '예쁘다, 좋다, 아름답다, 바쁘다, 아프다 etc.' Construction of the past form of the adjectives will be dealt with later in detail.

저기 예쁜 모자를 쓴 분이 제 어머니입니다.That is my mother who is wearing a pretty hat over there.
날씨가 좋은 날은 산책을 하고 싶어요.I would like to take a walk when the weather is good.

2.3.Relative clause ending -(으):

BÀI 9: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson09/index.html

1. Indirect Discourse ; -고 하다 ; 'Someone says that .....'
The pattern '-고 하다' is used for the formation of Indirect Discourse and is attached to the verb stem with the tense pre-ending.

1.1.Indirect Discourse Formation of the Declarative:
If you want to refer to what someone said (statement) with indirect discourse, you have to change the verb and adjective form with the tense pre-ending like the Plain style form. Then attach the form “-다고 하다”. The form of ‘하다’ means ‘(someone) says/said that…’ like the verb ‘말하다(to tell, to say etc.). This verb is changed into ‘해요(present tense) and 했어요(past tense), depending when the original utterance took place.

(1) Present tense :
A. Verbs : Verb stem + -ㄴ/는다고 해요/했어요.
-ㄴ다고 해요/했어요. is used after verb stems ending in a vowel:
“학교에 가요.”
→ 학교에 가- + -ㄴ다고 해요/했어요.
→ 학교에 간다고 해요/했어요.

-는다고 해요/했어요. is used after verb stems ending in a consonant.
“밥을 먹어요.”
→ 밥을 먹- + -는다고 해요/했어요.
→ 밥을 먹는다고 해요/했어요.

  앤디씨가 공부한다고 했어요.  Andy said he was studying.
  앤디씨가 한국음식을 먹는다고 해요.  Andy says he eats Korean food.
  앤디씨가 한복을 입는다고 해요.  Andy says he wears traditional Korean clothing.

B. Adjectives : Adjective Stem + -다고 해요/했어요.

“아주 바빠요.”
→ 아주 바쁘- + -다고 해요/했어요.
→ 아주 바쁘다고 해요/했어요.

“ 너무 좋아요.”
→ 너무 좋- + -다고 해요/했어요.
→ 너무 좋다고 해요/했어요.

 앤디씨가 아프다고 했어요.  Andy said he was sick.
 앤디씨가 가방이 작다고 해요.  Andy says the bag is small.

C. 이다 Verb: 이라고 해요/했어요.
“학생이에요.’’
→ 학생이- + -라고 해요/했어요.
→ 학생이라고 해요/했어요.

(2) Past tense: Verb/Adjective stem + -았/었/였- + -다고 해요/했어요.
- 불고기를 먹었어요.
→ 불고기를 먹- + -었- + -다고 해요/했어요.
→ 불고기를 먹었다고 해요/했어요.

- 주말에 바빴어요.
→ 주말에 바쁘- + -았- + 다고 해요/했어요.
→ 주말에 바빴다고 해요/했어요.

- 의사였(이+었)어요.
→ 의사 + 이- + -었- + 다고 해요/했어요.
→ 의사였다고 해요/했어요.

(3) Future tense: -ㄹ/을 거라고 해요/했어요.

- 불고기를 먹을 거예요.
→ 불고기를 먹- + -을 거라고 해요/했어요.
→ 불고기를 먹을 거라고 해요/했어요.

- 미국에 갈 거예요.
→ 미국에 가- + -ㄹ 거라고 해요/했어요.
→ 미국에 갈 거라고 해요/했어요.

1.2.Indirect Discourse Formation of the Interrogative:

If you want to refer to what someone asked (question) with indirect discourse, you have to change the verb and adjective form with the tense pre-ending like Plain style form. Then attach the form “-냐고 하다.”. Here the form ‘하다’ means ‘(someone) ask/asked if…’ like the verb ‘묻다 (to ask etc.--> 물어요/물었어요)’. This verb is changed into ‘해요 (present tense) and 했어요 (past tense), depending when the original original utterance took place. Sometimes people put the form “느” between the verb stem and ‘-냐고 하다’, but there is no difference in the meaning whether there is “느” or not in the formation with verbs and ‘있다’. However when using adjectives and ‘이다’, “느” is not inserted.

“언제 미국에 가요 ?”
→ 언제 미국에 가- + -(느)냐고 해요/했어요.
→ 언제 미국에 가(느)냐고 해요/했어요.

“누가 이 빵을 먹었어요 ?”
→ 누가 이 빵을 먹- + -었- + -(느)냐고 해요/했어요.
→ 누가 이 빵을 먹었(느)냐고 해요/했어요.

“시간 있어요 ?”
→ 시간 있- + -(느)냐고 해요/했어요.
→ 시간 있(느)냐고 했어요.

“머리가 아파요 ?”
→ 머리가 아프- + -냐고 해요/했어요.
→ 머리가 아프냐고 해요/했어요.

“다리가 아팠어요 ?”
→ 다리가 아프- + -았- + -냐고 해요/했어요.
→ 머리가 아팠냐고 해요/했어요.

“누구예요 ?”
→ 누구 + (이) + -냐고 해요/했어요.
→ 누구냐고 해요/했어요.

“학생이에요 ?”
→ 학생이 + -냐고 해요/했어요.
→ 학생이냐고 해요/했어요.

“언제 한국에 갈 거예요 ?”
→ 언제 한국에 갈 거- + -냐고 해요/했어요.
→ 언제 한국에 갈 거냐고 해요/했어요.

1.3.Indirect Discourse Formation of the Propositive:
If you want to refer to what someone suggested (let’s ----) with indirect discourse, just attach the form “-자고 하다” to the verb stem directly. This is only used for present tense verb stems.

“빨리 갑시다 !”
→ 빨리 가- + -자고 해요/했어요.
→ 빨리 가자고 해요/했어요.

“한식을 먹읍시다 !“
→ 한식을 먹- + -자고 해요/했어요.
→ 한식을 먹자고 해요/했어요
Adjectives and 이다 cannot be used in a propositive sentence, so this formation of indirect discourse is not permitted.

1.4.Indirect Discourse Formation of the Imperative:
If you want to refer someone commanded (order) with indirect discourse, just attach the form “-라고 하다” to the verb stem directly. This is only used for present tense verb stems.

“빨리 가세요 !”
→ 빨리 가- + -(으)라고 해요/했어요.
→ 빨리 가라고 해요/했어요.

“한국어를 공부하세요 !“
→ 한국어를 공부하- + -(으)라고 해요/했어요.
→ 한국어를 공부하라고 해요/했어요.

“눈을 감으세요 !”
→ 눈을 감- + -(으)라고 해요/했어요.
→ 눈을 감으라고 해요/했어요.

“가지 마세요 !”
→ 가지 말- + -(으)라고 해요/했어요.
→ 가지 말라고 해요/했어요.

 Adjectives and 이다 cannot be used in an imperative sentence, so this formation of indirect discourse is not permitted.

2.The Pattern -는 것 : (the act, fact, manner) of doing something:
* This pattern is preceded by verbs only, and means ‘the act, fact or manner of doing something’. The equivalent of this pattern in English is ‘---ing’ or to (do), or the thing that someone is doing

- 공부하는 것= studying
- 공부하는 것이 제일 쉬워요. Studying is the easiest thing

- 여행하는 것 = traveling
- 여행하는 것이 어때요 ? How is traveling ?

- 가르치는 것= teaching
- 안나씨는 가르치는 것을 좋아해요. Anna likes to teach.

* Like the above examples, the forms made with this pattern can be used as a subject or object with the marker 이/가, 을/를.

BÀI 10: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson10/index.html
1. The Connective '-(아/어/여)서': do and do:
* This connective is used when the subject performs one action and then a second one. This connective is attached to the first verb and is then followed by a second verb.

- 학교에 가서 공부했어요. I went to school and studied.
- 집에 와서 기다렸어요. I came and waited for you.
- 들어와서 기다리세요. Please come in and wait.
- 앉아서 잡수세요.  Please sit down here and eat.

* This connective is used with some verbs which indicate movement or change of posture in the first verb, such as 가다(to go), 오다(to come), 서다(to stand up), 앉다(to sit down) However, you have to know the difference between the connective `-고' and `-서' which have the same function as 'and'. Basically, the verbs `가다, 오다' etc. cannot be used with the connective `-고' when the subject of two verbs is the same. However if the subject of the two verbs is the same, and the verbs are not '가다, 오다 etc', the connective `-고' can be used.

- 집에 가서, 쉬겠어요. (Grammatical) I will go and take a rest.
- 집에 가고, 쉬겠어요. (Ungrammatical)  I will go and take a rest.
- 저는 어제 공부하고 잤어요. (Grammatical)  I studied and went to bed yesterday.

2. The Connective '-(으)면서': someone does something while he is doing something else (at the same time)
This connective is used to express two simultaneous actions done by the same person. It attaches to the verb directly. '-면' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel or the consonant '-ㄹ' and '-으면' is used after verb stems ending in all consonants except '-ㄹ'.

-음악을 들으면서 공부해요. I study while listening to music. While I am listening to music, I also study.
- 그분은 언제나 웃으면서 말해요. He always talks while laughing.
- 커피를 마시면서 이야기합시다. Let's talk while drinking coffee.
- 운전을 하면서 담배를 피우면 안 돼요. You should not drive while smoking.
- 신문을 읽으면서 TV 를 봅시다. Let's watch TV while reading the newspaper.

3. The Pattern '-게 되다': (it) turns out (that), It is arranged that -, (the situation) makes something to be -
This pattern ‘-게 되다’ is used to express the idea that the situation has been arranged by certain environmental facts or conditions. It is used with verbs and ‘있다’.

- 이사를 가게 되었어요. It turned out that I (should) move.
- 열심히 공부하면 한국말을 잘 하게 됩니다. If you study hard, you will speak Korean well.
- 언제 한국에 가게 됩니까 ? When are you going to Korea ?
- 저는 한국에 못 가게 되었어요. It turned out that I can’t go to Korea.
- 제가 한국에서 한 달쯤 있게 되었어요. It turned out that I have to be in Korea for one month.

4. The Pattern ‘-고 생각하다’ = I think that ---:
This pattern is used to express the speaker’s presupposition or opinion about a certain fact or event. This pattern is preceded by the present form, the past form and the future form with ‘-다/라고 생각하다’. This pattern is made the same way as indirect discourse.

- 저는 그 사람이 온다고 생각해요.  I think that he will come.
- 저는 그분이 사무실에 있다고 생각해요.  I think that he is in his office.
- 저는 그 사람이 왔다고 생각해요.  I think that he came.
- 저는 앤디씨가 한국어를 공부했다고 생각해요.  I think that Andy studied Korean.
- 저는 이게 좋다고 생각해요.  I think that it is good.
- 저는 어머니께서 건강하다고 생각해요.  I think that my mother is healthy.
- 저는 그 가방이 비쌌다고 생각해요.  I think that that bag was expensive.

Ngữ pháp sơ cấp giáo trình Sogang - Phần 1

SƠ CẤP 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/contents.html

BÀI 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson01/index.html

1.Verb '이다' = to be:
'이다' is the form which links a subject with its predicate, indicating equality or identification.
If this form is attached to the noun, there can be no pause or space between it and the Noun. It is pronounced like a part of the Noun.
It has two different forms '-예요' and '-이에요'. '-예요 is used when the Noun ends with a vowel, and '-이에요' is used when the Noun ends with a consonant.

안나 + -예요 --> 안나예요.
책상 + -이에요 --> 책상이에요.

2.'예'= yes:
'예', which means 'yes', is often pronounced `네'. It is used as a regular response to a knock at the door, or hearing your name called, and being greeted. The opposite of `예' is `아니오'. This means 'no' is used in negative replies to questions, in contradictions and denials, and as an informal reply to apologies, expressions of thanks, and compliments.

3.The subjective marker '-이/가':
The subjective marker `-이/가' is used to indicate that the preceding noun phrase is the subject of the sentence. ‘-가’ is used after a word which ends with a vowel, while `-이’ is used after a consonant. Here are some examples:

가방이 있어요.
모자가 있어요.

4.The topic marker '-은/는':
While the subjective marker `-이/가' indicates the subject of a sentence, the topic marker `은/는' is used to indicate the comparison of topics. If there is no connotation of comparison with another subject, this marker cannot be used. '-는' is used after words ending in a vowel, `-은' is used after words ending in a consonant.
Here are some examples:
이것이 연필이에요. This is a pencil.
이것은 연필이에요. This (in comparison with other things) is a pencil.
한국말이 재미있어요. Korean is interesting.
한국말은 재미있어요. Korean(in comparison with other languages) is interesting.

5.Demonstrative '이,그,저' + NOUN = this/these ,it/their, that/those:
6.Verb '아니다' = not to be:
This word is used for making negatives. You have already studied '이다` which indicates equality or identification. The '이다' is attached directly to a noun, and is pronounced as one word with the noun. When you make the negative construction of '이다', the subject marker '-이/가' is attached directly to the noun, and then followed by the negative verb '아니다'.

이것이 의자예요.<--->이것이 의자가 아니예요.
제가 호주사람이에요.<--->제가 호주사람이 아니예요.

7.Verb ' 있다/없다' = to be/not to be: indicates existence, location or possession. The opposite verb is `없다'.
 
(Possesion)

동생 있어요?네, 동생이 있어요.  Do you have a younger brother?Yes, I have a younger brother.
아니오, 동생이 없어요. 그런데 언니는 있어요. No, I don't have a younger brother.  But I have an older sister.
 
(Location)

교실에 책상이 있어요?네, 책상이 있어요. Is there a desk in the classroom?Yes, there is a desk (in the classroom)

아니오, 책상이 없어요. 의자는 있어요. No, there is not a desk (in the classroom).

8.The marker '-에'= at / in:
This locative marker indicates that someone or something is stationary in a place. It is attached to nouns, and followed by '있다'(to be) and '없다'(not to be).

교실에 학생이 있어요. There is a student in the classroom.
교실에 선생님은 없어요. There is not a teacher in the classroom.


BÀI 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson02/index.html
1.The marker '-에'
2.The sentence ending '-아(어/여)요'
3.Making questions. '-아(어/여)요?'
4.The marker '도'
5.'옆/ 앞 / 뒤 / 위 / 아래 + 에'

BÀI 3: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson03/index.html
1.Adverb '안'
2.Adverb '못'
3.The marker '-에서'
4.The objective marker '-을/를'
5.The pre-ending '-았/었/였-'

BÀI 4: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson04/index.html
1.The pattern '-고 싶다'
2.'-세요'
3.The marker '-에'
4.Counting unit
5.Irregular verbs '으'

BÀI 5: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson05/index.html
1.The pattern '-아(어/여) 보다': 'someone tries doing something ( to see how it will turn out) or 'someone does something to see (how it will turn out)
2.The pattern '-아/어/여 보이다': someone(or something) looks (appears, seems...)
3.The marker '-보다': more than
4.'제일/가장': the most

BÀI 6: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson06/index.html
1.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 거예요'
2.The Marker '-까지'
3.The Marker '-부터'
4.The Marker '-에서'
5.The plain speech style
6.Irregular verbs '-ㄷ'
7.irregular verbs '-ㅂ'

BÀI 7: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson07/index.html
1.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ까요?'
2.The Propositive '-(으)ㅂ시다'
3.The Connective '-(으)러'
4.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ게요'

BÀI 8: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson08/index.html
1.The pattern '-고 싶어하다'
2.The pattern '-ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다'
3.The pattern '아/어/여 주다(드리다)'
4.'-르' irregular verbs

BÀI 9: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson09/index.html
1.The ending '-ㅂ/습니다'
2.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다'
3.The connective '-(으)면'
4.The pattern '-지 말다'
5.The connective '-(아/어/여)서'
6.Honorific system
7.'-ㄹ' irregular verbs

BÀI 10: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson10/index.html

1.The pattern '-(으)려고 하다' = intend to: is used with verbs(including `있다'). This pattern is used to indicate a subject's intention. However, this pattern is restricted to first and second personal pronouns. The third personal pronoun will be dealt with in detail later.
 
`려고 하다' is used if the verb stem ends in a vowel.
`-으려고 하다' is used if the verb stem ends in a consonant.
 
저는 내일 극장에 가려고 해요. I intend to go to the theater
1달쯤 서울에 있으려고 해요. I intend to be in Seoul for about 1 month.    
1시부터 공부하려고 해요. I intend to study from 1 o'clock.    
불고기를 먹으려고 해요. I intend to eat bulgogi.

The negation is expressed in the main verb which has `-(으)려고 하다', not with the `하다' verb.

그 책을 안 사려고 해요. I don't intend to buy that book.  
(= 그 책을 사지 않으려고 해요.)  

However tense is expressed in the main verb. It will be dealt with in detail later.

2.The marker '-한테': is used for indicating the receiver of an action or the one whom something is done or exists.

누구한테 책을 주었어요? To whom did you give a book?
제 친구한테 주었습니다. I gave it to my friend.
누구한테 편지를 쓰세요? To whom did you write a letter?
안나씨 열쇠는 멜라니씨한테 있어요. Mellanie has Anna's key.
선생님한테 물어 보세요. Please ask the teacher.

3.The marker '-한테서': is used for indicating the source or starting point of an action.

누구한테서 그 소식을 들었어요 ? From whom did you hear that news ?
어머니한테서 들었습니다. I heard from my mother.
누구한테서 편지가 왔어요? From whom did you get a letter ?
누구한테서 그 선물을 받았어요? From whom did you receive that present?

4.Pre-ending '겠': is used for expressing the speaker's conjecture or supposition or for asking intention of the person spoken to in a polite request.

요즘 많이 바쁘겠어요. I think you will be busy these days.
저 분은 예뻤겠어요. I think he/she was beautiful.
뭘 드시겠어요 ? What will you eat?

5.The pattern '-(으)ㄴ 다음에': On it's own, the noun '다음' means 'later'. The pattern '-(으)ㄴ 다음에' is used to express 'after something happens' or 'after something happened'. It is used only with verbs.

Tense and negation is expressed in the main verb.

수업이 끝난 다음에 만납시다. Let's meet after class finishes.
친구를 만난 다음에 그 일을 하겠어요. I will do that task(job) after meeting my friend.
전화를 한 다음에 오세요. Please come over after you call.
저녁식사를 한 다음에 뭘 할까요? After we finish supper, what shall we do?
However, if the subject of the two clauses (the main clause and the dependent clause which is introduced with this pattern) is the same, this pattern cannot be used with the verbs '가다' (to go) / '오다 '(to come) and their compounds.

내가 집에 간 다음에 공부합니다. (awkward/never used)
내가 학교에 온 다음에 친구를 만납니다. (awkward/never used)


6.'-ㄷ' Irregular verbs: The final consonant '-드' of the verb stem changes into '-ㄹ' when followed by a vowel, but it does not change when followed by a consonant.

듣다 (to listen): 듣 + 어요 -> 들어요.
묻다 (to ask): 묻 + 어 보다 -> 물어 보다.
걷다 (to walk): 걷 + 었어요 -> 걸었어요.

저는 지금 음악을 들어요. I listen to the music now.
잘 모르면 저한테 물어 보세요. If you really don't know, ask me.
어제는 많이 걸었어요. I walked a lot yesterday.
저한테 묻지 마세요. Don't ask me.

However '닫다' to close, '받다' to receive and '믿다' to believe are not irregular verbs.

문을 닫아 주세요. Please close the door.
어제 친구한테서 편지를 받았어요. I received a letter from my friend.

Tóm tắt ngữ pháp trung cấp giáo trình Sogang

BÀI 1 - 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson01/listen/grammar/index.html

-(으)ㄹ까 하다 = (I’m) thinking of doing:  is used with an action verb and it indicates a speaker’s consideration or indecisiveness about a matter. The meaning of ‘-(으)ㄹ까 하다’ is similar to the pattern ‘-(으)려고 하다’, but ‘-(으)려고 하다’ expresses stronger intention of the speaker.

-아(어/여) 지다 = is getting or is becoming + Adj.:  is combined with an adjective and and it indicates the situation which describes the preceding adjective gradually changing.
-더니 = since, and now: ‘-더-’ expresses an act of recollection and ‘-니’ a sense of explanation. The meaning varies depending upon the context of its usage:
1)The first clause describes the reason or the base of the second clause: the second clause describes a result of what has been taking place in the first clause. Usually, the subject is the third person and the subject of the first clause is same as the second one.
2) The first clause describes how it was previously: the second how it is now or changed since the time of the first clause.
3) -았(었/였)더니:
The first clause has already and actually taken place and it describes the cause of the second clause: the second clause describes a consequence of the first clause. Usually, the speaker is the subject of the sentence and the subject of the second clause is not the same as that of the first clause.
-(으)ㄹ 테니(까) = (one) will do…, so… =  is a contracted form of ‘-ㄹ + 터 + -이- + -니까’. When ‘-(으)ㄹ 테니까’ is used with action verbs, it indicates the speaker’s planning or intention. If the speaker is the subject of the sentence, the speaker’s will may be implied.

BÀI 1 - 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson02/listen/grammar/index.html

-(으)ㄴ/는 편(이다) = a tendency to be a certain way:  is used with verbs to show inclination or a tendency of aspects or qualities. Usually, ‘이다' or '-이 아니다’ is used in conjunction with ‘편'. '-(으)ㄴ 편이다 ’ is attached to adjectives in the present tense and '-는 편이다' is used with verbs.
-(이)든(지) -(이)든(지) = (regardless) whether…or, either…or:  is used in paired phrases with contrastive meaning. It indicates alternative possibilities or an indirect question involving alternatives.
-지 않아요? / -지 않을까요? = Isn't it? Don't you think it is…?: is a pattern to make Negation, but if it is used as an interrogative, it can be used as a strong positive form like rhetorical questions. '-지 않아요?' usually expresses the speaker's opinion, but '-지 않을까요?' is used if a speaker wants to ask the listener's opinion.

BÀI 1 - 3: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson03/listen/grammar/index.html

-던 / -았(었/였)던: The pattern '-던' is a contracted form of '-더-' and 'ㄴ', the form to modify Nouns. If the speaker recollects past events or asks another person of his/her experience about an action or event in the past, '-던-' is used. '-았(었/였)던' expresses the experience completed once, whereas '-던' expresses repetitive experiences.
-(으)ㄹ 만큼: is used after verbs only and conveys the meaning of comparison of extent, a degree or a measurement.
-(이)랑: The particle '-(이)랑' connects a Noun with another Noun and it can be changed to '-와/과' or '-하고'.
-다면:  indicates indirect discourse and the conditional. The pattern '-다면' is a contracted from '-다고 하면'.
-아(어/여) 있다: expresses the existence of a certain state or fact. As we already studied in Novice-Korean II, the pattern '-고 있다' on the other hand indicates a kind of process or continuing action.
-(으)ㄹ 만하다: indicates sufficient value or worth. It can be 'to be well worth (doing)' or 'It is enough (to do)'.

BÀI 1 - 4: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson04/listen/grammar/index.html

-(이)라서 = 'because, so': The connective '-(이)라서' is used for indicating reason or cause and is attached directly to nouns. The tense and negation are not expressed with this connective.
그리, 전혀, 별로, 여간, 이만 저만 + Negative: The adverbs '그리, 전혀, 별로' are always used with the negative '-지 않다'.
-(아/어/여) 놓다 = 'to do something in advance/preparation':  indicates an action done in preparation or anticipation of later use or benefit is always used with verbs.
N + 정도(로): 'about, approximately, in degree'. The number classifier '정도' means degree, extent, grade etc. and it is used with the noun which is preceded by numbers.
-짜리: '(a thing) worth'. The particle '-짜리' is used always with the money classifier '-원' or counting classifier '-개' indicating worth or value of things. Also, it can be used with '-살' indicating people's age.

BÀI 1 - 5: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson05/listen/grammar/index.html

The connective '-(아/어/여)서' : 'do something and do something'. '-(아/어/여)서' is used when the subject does one action first, and then does the second action in sequence.
The contractions of Indirect Discourse: The forms of the indirect discourse, such as '-ㄴ/는다고 해요,-(으)라고 해요, -자고 해요' etc., can be contracted into '-ㄴ/는대요, -(으)래요, -재요' in casual speech style. In the same way, the forms of '-ㄴ/는다고 했어요,-(으)라고 했어요, -자고 했어요' can be contracted into '-ㄴ/는댔어요, -(으)랬어요, -쟀어요'.
The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 것으로 예상되다' :'- to be expected that it will be -'. In this pattern, the word '예상되다' means 'to be expected' in English, so this pattern is used for expressing the speaker's expectation of the events or action which will take place in the future.
The connective -(으)면서 : 'while doing ...'. This connective '-(으)면서' has the same function with the connective '-는 동안에'. However this ending is used for indicating two simultaneous events which are done by the same person, while '-는 동안에' is used for two simultaneous actions performed by two different persons.
The connective -(으)나 : but. You have already studied the connective '-지만' meaning 'but'. This connective '-(으)나' is interchangeable with this '-지만' without any difference in meaning. But in the casual and colloquial speech, '-지만' is preferred to '-(으)나'.
The ending '-기'. The ending '-기' is used for making Nominative forms of the verb, attaching to the verb stem directly. This form is followed by the words of '쉽다(to be easy), 어렵다(to be difficult), 바라다(to hope/ desire), 원하다(to want)' etc., and these mean that 'it is easy/difficult, (I) want/desire that---'. As for the form of '-기(가) 쉽다', it is used for expressing the tendency and/or ease for doing something. '-가' can be dropped optionally.

BÀI 1 - 6: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson06/listen/grammar/index.html

The pattern '-도록 하다'. '-도록' is attached to verbs and expresses the action which is taken to reach a certain point. In many cases, '-도록' is used with '하다' and it means to make a hearer do something. If it takes the 1st subject, it expresses the subject's will.
The pattern 'V (다) + -기 위해(서)' / 'N + -을(를) 위해(서)': '-기 위해서' is attached to verbs and '-을(를) 위해서' to nouns, both of which mean 'for' in English. The second action is carried out to complete the action of the first sentence. '위해' can be used because '-서' is often deleted, and '위하여' can be exchanged for '위해서'
The pattern '- (으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라': '- (으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라' joins two facts or events which relate to each other, in order to intensify or expand the first statement. It means '…not only… but also…' in English.

BÀI 1 - 7: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson07/listen/grammar/index.html

The pattern '-(이)라도': -ever it is, no matter - it is. The pattern '-이라도' is used for expressing the meaning of '-ever it is, no matter - it is' in English, when it is preceded by interrogative words (누구, 언제, 어디, 무엇, 무슨), or an interrogative phrases (어느 것/분, 무슨 일, 몇 분/시, 어떤 책) etc..
The Plain Speech Style 2: The basic explanation of the plain style is dealt with in the Novice Korean I, Lesson 6. In this lesson, you will meet the rest of the Plain speech style. These endings are used with people such as school juniors, or to a relatively younger person in the family by grandparents to grandsons and daughters etc..
1. Interrogative Forms: '-(으)냐/(느)냐'
2. Declarative forms: '-ㄴ다/-는다/-다'
3. Propositive forms: '-자'
4. Imperative forms: '-아(어/여)라'
The pattern '-거든요': is used as a sentence final ending which indicates reason or cause.
The connective '-(으)ㄹ수록': the more-, the more -. The connective '-(으)ㄹ수록' is used for indicating a progressive increase of intensity, amount or time.
The exclamatory ending -구나/군요 -> -더구나/더군요. The exclamatory ending '-구나/군요' is used for expressing delight, wonder, astonishment or surprise in the present tense. As for the past tense, however, the pre-ending '-더-' is used when a speaker recalls or recollects past facts, occurrences, or experiences and is used like '-더구나/더군요.' such as '-더니, -던 etc.'.

BÀI 1 - 8: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson08/listen/grammar/index.html

The connective '-다니': is used for expressing the reason or cause, and precedes expressions of surprise such as '웬일이에요/ 웬일이니?, 깜짝 놀랐어요.' etc,.
The pattern '-긴/기는 -지만/는데' = it is true… but…: is used for expressing the speaker's admission to a certain truth or occurrence. The verb that is attached to this pattern is repeated in the main clause. This pattern is used mostly with the connectives such as '-지만' or '-(으)ㄴ/는데' 'but' etc.
The pattern 'Interrogative + -(으)ㄹ지 모르겠다': is used for expressing that the speaker can't decide a certain action.
The sentence ending '-잖아(요)': is used for expressing a tag question for confirming the fact of a sentence. This is the contracted form of '-지 않아(요)'.

BÀI 1 - 9: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson09/listen/grammar/index.html
-(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 = maybe, it may be that -:  is used for expressing a speaker's uncertainty or doubt about a certain fact or event with the verbs.
-(으)ㄹ까 봐 = I am afraid that---, so ----:  is used for expressing a speaker's anxiety, worry or solicitude.
-는 동안(에) = while doing something: This connective '-는 동안에' is used for expressing two simultaneous actions performed by different subject. '-에' is optional.

BÀI 1 - 10: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk1/lesson10/listen/grammar/index.html

'-다면서' = I heard (that) ……, is that so ?: is used with verbs and adjectives, and is used to confirm a certain fact or event which is generally known by the public.
The pattern '-는 바람에' = because, so:  is used with verbs and other forms of indirect discourse. It indicates a stimulus to action, or something that incites or determines an outcome.
대과거 -았(었/였)-: Tenses in Korean are determined from the speaker's point of view. Sometimes tenses communicate certain aspects of the verb actions/ states rather than the time reference of the verb.
'-았(었/였)-': is used to convey a distant past event, which does not affect the present state any more; or it conveys a past experience of the subject.

BÀI 2 - 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson01/index.html
BÀI 2 - 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson02/index.html
BÀI 2 - 3: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson03/index.html
BÀI 2 - 4: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson04/index.html
BÀI 2 - 5: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson05/index.html
BÀI 2 - 6: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson06/index.html
BÀI 2 - 7: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson07/index.html
BÀI 2 - 8: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson08/index.html
BÀI 2 - 9: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson09/index.html
BÀI 2 - 10: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk2/lesson10/index.html

BÀI 3 - 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson01/index.html
BÀI 3 - 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson02/index.html
BÀI 3 - 3: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson03/index.html
BÀI 3 - 4: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson04/index.html
BÀI 3 - 5: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson05/index.html
BÀI 3 - 6: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson06/index.html
BÀI 3 - 7: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson07/index.html
BÀI 3 - 8: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson08/index.html
BÀI 3 - 9: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson09/index.html
BÀI 3 - 10: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/imk3/lesson10/index.html

Tóm tắt ngữ pháp sơ cấp giáo trình Sogang

SƠ CẤP 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/contents.html

BÀI 1: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson01/index.html
1.Verb '이다'
2.'예'
3.The subjective marker '-이/가'
4.The topic marker '-은/는'
5.Demonstrative '이,그,저'
6.Verb '아니다'
7.Verb ' 있다/없다'
8.The marker '-에'

BÀI 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson02/index.html
1.The marker '-에'
2.The sentence ending '-아(어/여)요'
3.Making questions. '-아(어/여)요?'
4.The marker '도'
5.'옆/ 앞 / 뒤 / 위 / 아래 + 에'

BÀI 3: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson03/index.html
1.Adverb '안'
2.Adverb '못'
3.The marker '-에서'
4.The objective marker '-을/를'
5.The pre-ending '-았/었/였-'

BÀI 4: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson04/index.html
1.The pattern '-고 싶다'
2.'-세요'
3.The marker '-에'
4.Counting unit
5.Irregular verbs '으'

BÀI 5: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson05/index.html
1.The pattern '-아(어/여) 보다': 'someone tries doing something ( to see how it will turn out) or 'someone does something to see (how it will turn out)
2.The pattern '-아/어/여 보이다': someone(or something) looks (appears, seems...)
3.The marker '-보다': more than
4.'제일/가장': the most

BÀI 6: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson06/index.html
1.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 거예요'
2.The Marker '-까지'
3.The Marker '-부터'
4.The Marker '-에서'
5.The plain speech style
6.Irregular verbs '-ㄷ'
7.irregular verbs '-ㅂ'

BÀI 7: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson07/index.html
1.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ까요?'
2.The Propositive '-(으)ㅂ시다'
3.The Connective '-(으)러'
4.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ게요'

BÀI 8: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson08/index.html
1.The pattern '-고 싶어하다'
2.The pattern '-ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다'
3.The pattern '아/어/여 주다(드리다)'
4.'-르' irregular verbs

BÀI 9: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson09/index.html
1.The ending '-ㅂ/습니다'
2.The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다'
3.The connective '-(으)면'
4.The pattern '-지 말다'
5.The connective '-(아/어/여)서'
6.Honorific system
7.'-ㄹ' irregular verbs

BÀI 10: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl101/lesson10/index.html
1.The pattern '-(으)려고 하다'
2.The marker '-한테'
3.The marker '-한테서'
4.Pre-ending '겠'
5.The pattern '-(으)ㄴ 다음에'
6.'-ㄷ' Irregular verbs

SƠ CẤP 2: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/contents.html

BÀI 11: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson01/index.html
1.The pattern '-기 전에': before doing
2.The connective '-고': and

BÀI 12: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson02/index.html
1.The pattern `-(으)ㄴ 적(이) 있다/없다': "someone has (never) done something"
2.The connective '-ㄴ(은/는)데': and/but/so/when

BÀI 13:http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson03/index.html
1.The pattern `-(아/어/여)야 되다/하다': must, have to
2.The pattern '-기로 하다': decide to do
3.The connective '-니까': because, since
4.The connective '-지만': but

BÀI 14: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson04/index.html
1.The pattern ‘-도 되다/괜찮다/좋다’: (someone) may do (something)
2.The pattern `-(으)ㄹ 때': when/while
3.The connective `-기 때문에': so, therefore, because

BÀI 15: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson05/index.html
1.The Pattern ‘-았(었/였)으면 좋겠다': I wish something would happen
2.The Pattern ‘-고 있다': (someone) is doing (something)
3.The Pattern -지 않다: not, no
4.The Words '씩': each/respectively

BÀI 16: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson06/index.html
1.The connetive '-다가': On the way to / And then
2.The connetive -느라고: Because of doing something
3.The ending -(는)군요: Exclamatory sentence ending

BÀI 17: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson07/index.html
1. The Pattern '-(으)ㄴ/는/ -(으)ㄹ 것 같다': It seems that ...
2. The pattern 'Verb + -(으)ㄴ 지 + time word + 되다': since

BÀI 18: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson08/index.html
1. The connective -(으)려고: in order to
2.1.Relative clause ending -는
2.2.Relative clause ending -(으)ㄴ
2.3.Relative clause ending -(으)ㄹ

BÀI 19: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson09/index.html
1.1.Indirect Discourse Formation of the Declarative
1.2.Indirect Discourse Formation of the Interrogative
1.3.Indirect Discourse Formation of the Propositive
1.4.Indirect Discourse Formation of the Imperative
2.the Pattern -는 것 : (the act, fact, manner) of doing something

BÀI 20: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl102/lesson10/index.html
1. The Connective '-(아/어/여)서': do and do
2. The Connective '-(으)면서': someone does something while he is doing something else (at the same time)
3. The Pattern '-게 되다.': (it) turns out (that), It is arranged that -, (the situation) makes something to be -
4. The Pattern ‘-고 생각하다’: I think that ---

Sơ cấp 3: http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kkl103/contents.html